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Identified barriers to cross-cultural care in clinical practice
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Lack of experience
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Lack of time
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Inadequate training
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Poor access to interpreters
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Lack of non-English materials
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Lack of mentors
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Dismissive attending attitudes
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Dismissive resident attitudes
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All (n = 155)
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51 (32.9)
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116 (74.8)
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65 (41.9)
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68 (43.9)
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107 (69.0)
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62 (40.0)
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49 (31.6)
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51 (32.9)
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High Interest in Primary Care (n = 17)
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6 (35.3)
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14 (82.4)
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6 (35.3)
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6 (35.3)
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12 (70.6)
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8 (47.1)
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6 (35.3)
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6 (35.3)
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Race/Ethnicity
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White, non-Hispanic (n = 57)
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15 (26.3)
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45 (78.9)
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20 (35.1)
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20 (35.1)
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39 (68.4)
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18 (31.6)
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14 (24.6)
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15 (26.3)
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Black, non-Hispanic (n = 10)
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4 (40.0)
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7 (70)
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4 (40.0)
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6 (60.0)
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7 (70.0)
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7 (70.0)
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6 (60.0)
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6 (60.0)
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Hispanic (n = 12)
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6 (50.0)
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7 (58.3)
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5 (41.7)
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5 (41.7)
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10 (83.3)
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5 (41.7)
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6 (50.0)
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6 (50.0)
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Asian, non-Hispanic (n = 58)
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19 (32.8)
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44 (75.9)
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29 (50.0)
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28 (48.3)
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37 (63.8)
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25 (43.1)
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18 (31.0)
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18 (31.0)
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Other (n = 18)
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7 (38.9)
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13 (72.2)
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7 (38.9)
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9 (50.0)
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14 (77.8)
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7 (38.9)
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5 (27.8)
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6 (33.3)
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Male (n = 69)
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19 (27.5)
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66 (77.6)
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29 (42.0)
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37 (43.5)
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43 (62.3)
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23 (33.3)
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28 (32.9)
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24 (34.8)
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Specialty
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Family Medicine (n = 9)
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3 (33.3)
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7 (77.8)
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4 (44.4)
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4 (44.4)
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5 (55.6)
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4 (44.4)
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5 (55.6)
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5 (55.6)
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Internal Medicine (n = 84)
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27 (32.1)
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61 (72.6)
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40 (47.6)
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40 (47.6)
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56 (66.7)
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35 (41.7)
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26 (31.0)
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29 (34.5)
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Pediatrics (n = 62)
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21 (33.9)
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48 (77.4)
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21 (33.9)
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24 (38.7)
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46 (74.2)
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23 (37.1)
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18 (29.0)
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17 (27.4)
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Postgraduate year (PGY)
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PGY1 (n = 60)
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30 (50.0)*
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48 (80)
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31 (51.7)
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31 (51.7)
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42 (70.0)
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25 (41.7)
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23 (38.3)
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24 (40.0)
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PGY2 (n = 44)
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8 (18.2)*
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30 (68.2)
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15 (34.1)
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15 (34.1)
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30 (68.2)
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18 (40.9)
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10 (22.7)
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9 (20.5)
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PGY3+ (n = 51)
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13 (25.5)*
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38 (74.5)
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19 (37.3)
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22 (43.1)
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35 (68.6)
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19 (37.3)
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16 (31.4)
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18 (35.3)
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Cultural Background
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From a disadvantaged background
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Yes (n = 43)
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18 (41.9)
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32 (74.4)
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24 (55.8)*
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24 (55.8)
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29 (67.4)
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24 (55.8)*
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20 (46.5)*
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19 (44.2)
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No (n = 112)
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33 (29.5)
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84 (75.0)
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41 (36.6)*
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44 (39.3)
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78 (69.6)
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38 (33.9)*
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29 (25.9)*
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32 (28.6)
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Multilingual
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Yes (n = 91)
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33 (36.3)
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67 (73.6)
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46 (50.5)*
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44 (48.4)
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66 (72.5)
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43 (47.3)*
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37 (40.7)*
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36 (39.6)*
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No (n = 64)
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18 (28.1)
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49 (76.6)
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19 (29.7)*
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24 (37.5)
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41 (64.1)
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19 (29.7)*
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12 (18.8)*
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15 (23.4)*
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Parents born outside of the U.S.
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Yes (n = 102)
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38 (37.3)
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76 (74.5)
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47 (46.1)
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49 (48.0)
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71 (69.6)
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46 (45.1)*
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38 (37.3)*
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40 (39.2)*
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No (n = 53)
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13 (24.5)
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40 (75.5)
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18 (34.0)
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19 (35.8)
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36 (67.9)
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16 (30.2)*
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11 (20.8)*
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11 (20.8)*
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International medical graduate
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Yes (n = 10)
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2 (20.0)
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5 (50.0)*
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3 (30.0)
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3 (30.0)
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5 (50.0)
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3 (30.0)
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3 (30.0)
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3 (30.0)
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No (n = 145)
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49 (33.8)
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111 (76.6)*
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62 (42.3)
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65 (44.8)
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102 (70.3)
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59 (40.7)
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46 (31.7)
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48 (33.1)
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- *All P-values < 0.05 and obtained using chi-square test of difference
